La siguiente entrevista se basa en los hallazgos del informe “Programas Nacionales de Clústeres: Una Perspectiva Global ” escrito para Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED). Puede descargar una copia aquí.
También llevaremos a cabo un webinar el 21 de noviembre de 2023 a las 9:00 a.m. México. Regístrese aquí
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Este reporte fue escrito para Departamento de Innovación, Ciencia y Desarrollo Económico (ISED, por sus siglas en inglés) – ¿podría proporcionar un poco de información sobre lo que impulsó esta investigación en programas nacionales de clústeres?
En 2017, se lanzó el Programa Nacional de Superclústeres de Innovación de Canadá con un objetivo ambicioso: establecer cinco superclústeres de innovación que posicionaran a Canadá como una potencia mundial. Estos superclústeres trabajarían en industrias en las que Canadá ya cuenta con ventajas competitivas o que podrían desarrollarlas en el corto y mediano plazo. La ambición es convertirse en un actor importante en estas industrias a nivel local. El enfoque del programa abarcó tecnologías digitales, inteligencia artificial (IA), manufactura avanzada, economía del océano, y alimentos, con un énfasis específico en las proteínas.
Bajo el liderazgo del ministro de innovación, el gobierno canadiense propició con mucho éxito la colaboración con el sector privado, para crear un modelo de Asociación Público-Privada (APP) que respaldara la creación y el desarrollo de estos cinco superclústeres. A través de este modelo, el gobierno se comprometió a igualar cada dólar invertido por el sector privado en los superclústeres de innovación.
Al cumplir cinco años de haber iniciado el programa de superclústeres, el ISED condujo una evaluación del del mismo. Esta evaluación sería un insumo clave para el diseño de estrategia para un segundo ciclo de implementación. Los resultados de esta evaluación propiciaron esta investigación, ya que el equipo de ISED deseaba trabajar en la estrategia usando como referencia las mejores prácticas y casos de estudio de otros programas nacionales de clústeres. También deseaban entender cómo programas nacionales de clústeres emergentes estaban abordando su diseño considerando el entorno dinámico en el que operan.
¿Cuáles fueron los descubrimientos más emocionantes de esta investigación de más de 30 programas de clústeres en todo el mundo?
Después de entrevistar a líderes y profesionales clave que trabajan e impulsan más de 30 programas nacionales de clústeres y una extensa investigación, hubo tres hallazgos clave que destacaría:
El primero, no hay una única mejor práctica, pero hay grandes ejemplos como Dinamarca, Noruega, Francia o Corea del Sur. El contexto es muy importante y los países deben entenderlo muy bien a la hora de diseñar su propio programa nacional de clústeres
Segundo. La velocidad del cambio y el contexto general significan que los países se enfrentan a un panorama muy dinámico, lo que también significa que los programas nacionales de clústeres deben tener en cuenta prácticas dinámicas a la hora de diseñar nuevos programas o la próxima iteración de los ya existentes.
Probablemente, el hallazgo más relevante – y la mayor contribución – de este informe es una comprensión clara de las diferentes palancas a nivel de política pública que los países deben tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar o rediseñar un programa nacional de clústeres. Producto de esta investigación identificamos 16 palancas de política pública y creamos una herramienta, el Lienzo de las Palancas de Política de Clústeres (The Policy Levers Canvas en inglés), que los responsables de la formulación de políticas públicas y los líderes de los programas nacionales de clústeres pueden utilizar como un “panel de navegación”. Esta herramienta les permite crear múltiples configuraciones de programas, visualizarlas individualmente o de manera integrada.
En las entrevistas e investigaciones con más de 30 programas de clústeres en todo el mundo, ¿identificó algún desafío u obstáculo específico que enfrenten comúnmente estos programas? ¿Cómo están abordando estos desafíos?
Su pregunta es excelente, y la profundidad de este tema podría llenar fácilmente un libro o una serie de artículo.
El principal desafío consiste en establecer un entendimiento compartido entre las partes interesadas clave de lo que define a un clúster, en particular un superclúster de innovación, y cómo se distingue de otros programas e iniciativas destinados a fomentar el crecimiento económico, la competitividad nacional y la innovación.
El segundo es entender las diferencias entre un clúster de innovación y un programa de transformación país, que requiere una financiación significativa, una visión de muy largo plazo, y cuando digo muy largo plazo me refiero a décadas, no a años, y por lo general este tipo de programas requiere una vasta infraestructura a lo largo del país. Esperamos que reportes como éste ayuden a lograr este entendimiento común de las características de estos dos tipos de iniciativas.
Otros desafíos que podría mencionar están relacionados con el financiamiento del programa, el mantenimiento del apoyo político más allá de los ciclos electorales de corto plazo, la garantía de una fuerza laboral adecuada, y la realización de evaluaciones exhaustivas del impacto del programa.
Para hacer frente a estos desafíos, los países buscan aprender de los errores del pasado e inspirarse en estudios de casos de éxito como Dinamarca, España, en particular los programas regionales de clústeres, y algunas naciones asiáticas como Corea del Sur y China-También han reconocido la importancia de involucrar a todas las partes interesadas clave en el proceso de diseño del programa.
Los modelos de financiamiento de los superclústeres son un aspecto fundamental de su sostenibilidad. ¿Podría arrojar algo de luz sobre los modelos de financiación más innovadores y efectivos que encontró durante su investigación?
Creemos firmemente que los programas nacionales de clústeres deben ser financiados por los gobiernos con una perspectiva mínima de diez años. Esto le da continuidad al programa. Si se adopta esta perspectiva de largo plazo, entonces la discusión pasa a cómo debería hacerse la asignación de fondos a los superclústeres o clústeres que hacen parte del programa. Las 16 palancas que identificamos proporcionan un marco integral para evaluar diferentes modelos de asignación de fondos. Una vez más, el contexto es importante a la hora de decidir qué podría funcionar mejor.
Dicho esto, en 2021 publicamos otro reporte Modelos de Negocios de Clústeres: Explorando Modelos de Negocio en Clústeres de Innovación Globales, donde exploramos en detalle diferentes modelos de financiamiento que un superclúster podría adoptar. En pocas palabras, encontramos que los clústeres sostenibles tienden a ser financiados, en su mayor parte, con fondos privados, incluyendo fondos generados por el mismo clúster.
Ahora, la pregunta clave para los líderes de los programas nacionales de clústeres es decidir cuánto, si es que lo hace, financiará el programa a los clústeres y en qué condiciones. ¿Por cuánto tiempo? ¿En qué tipo de gastos deberá el clúster utilizar estos fondos? ¿Si el sector privado debe hacer una inversión equivalente y en qué proporción? Estas son algunas preguntas para responder. El Lienzo de las Palancas de Política de Clústeres les ayudará a guiar estas discusiones y a tomar decisiones.
Pero lo más importante es que el programa nacional de clústeres ayude a los clústeres a un modelo de financiamiento basado en fondos públicos a un modelo de financiamiento basado en fondos privados y en fondos generados por el clúster mismo.
¿Podría ofrecer un adelanto de lo que los asistentes pueden esperar aprender o discutir durante el seminario web?
Nuestra ambición con este webinar es visibilizar algunos de los elementos clave que los involucrados en el diseño de programas nacionales de clústeres y la comunidad extendida de clústeres deben considerar a la hora de diseñar o rediseñar un programa nacional de clústeres. Con esto en mente, discutiremos por qué los países necesitan programas nacionales de clústeres, los diferentes modelos de programas nacionales de clústeres y mostraremos estudios de casos globales y mejores prácticas en el diseño de programas nacionales de clústeres. Muy importante, centraremos la discusión en el contexto de América Latina.
¿Qué tipo de audiencia se beneficiaría de unirse a esta conversación?
Creemos que esta es una conversación que debe reunir a todos los actores clave involucrados en el desarrollo económico, la competitividad nacional, el impulso de la innovación a nivel sistémico, y aquellos que trabajan arduamente en desarrollar clústeres de innovación fuertes y exitosos. Por lo tanto, esperamos ver una amplia audiencia proveniente de toda América Latina que incluya a los líderes actuales de los programas nacionales de clústeres, los responsables por el diseño de políticas públicas, políticos, miembros de las juntas directivas de clústeres, gerentes de clústeres, líderes de las empresas que participan en clústeres, representantes de la academia, los grandes campeones que impulsan la innovación, agencias nacionales y los héroes de la transformación nacional. Como puede ver, esperamos una audiencia muy amplia y variada que enriquezca la conversación. Los esperamos el martes 21 de noviembre a las 9 am hora de México
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